Thyroid, Parathyroid & Cervical Viscera

1.A 30 years old female visited to the surgical outpatient department with complaints of pain and swelling in the lower part of front of neck. On examination the swelling moves with deglutition. Based on the history and clinical examination a provisional diagnosis of thyroid swelling was made. With your knowledge in anatomy answer the following questions related to thyroid gland.  Reason for thyroid swelling moves with deglutition.  Describe the parts, coverings, relations, blood supply and lymphatic drainage of thyroid gland.  Microstructure of thyroid gland

2.A 35 year old female presented to OPD with complaints of swelling in front of neck for past 3 months. she also complains of progressive weight gain, fatigue, constipation and cold intolerance, a diagnosis of hypothyroidism was made after the lab investigations.

• a) Describe the location, external features and coverings of thyroid gland
• b) Mention the medial and lateral relations of the gland
• c) Describe the arterial supply of the gland with its relation to the corresponding nerves
• d) Briefly describe the histology of thyroid gland

3.A 39-year-old female presents to the clinic for a routine health maintenance exam. The patient reports she is feeling nervous and anxious all the time with frequent palpitations, diarrhea and has been losing weight. She has also noticed a change in hair and fingernail. She frequently feels warm while others are cold or comfortable. On examination her heart rate is 110 beats per minute. She has a slight tremor and has increased reflexes in all extremities. A nontender thyroid enlargement is appreciated in the thyroid region. She was diagnosed with hyperthyroidism after biochemical tests. Based on your anatomical knowledge answer the following

• a) Parts and relations of thyroid gland.
• b) Blood supply of thyroid gland.
• c) Explain the embryological basis for possible abnormal locations of the thyroid gland.
• d) Microscopic structure of thyroid gland

4.A 32 years old woman presented with a swelling in front of her neck and that was moving up and down during swallowing. Following surgical removal of the swelling, she noticed a change in her voice. Based on your knowledge in anatomy, answer the following questions: ●Name the structure that causes the swelling and give the reason why it moves up and down during swallowing. ●Briefly describe the gross anatomical features, relations and the blood supply of the structure involved. ●What could be the probable cause for a change in her voice following surgery. ●What precautions should be taken during surgery to avoid this complication

5.A 65-years old woman came to the hospital with a swelling in front of the neck. On examination, it was found that the swelling was moving up and down during swallowing. After surgical excision of the swelling, she experienced hoarseness of her voice. With your knowledge of anatomy, answer the following questions:  Name the structure involved.  Briefly describe its coverings, external features, relations and blood supply.  State the reasons for up and down movements of the swelling.  What was the probable cause of hoarseness of voice following surgery.  Add a note on the development of the structure involved. (1+4½+1½+1+2)

6.A 55 years old woman complained of midline nodular swelling in the front of her neck which moves on swallowing. On examination, she had slight tremors on outstretched hands; Pulse was 111 per min, BP 156/100 mm Hg and slight blurring of eyes. She also told that, she had lost weight and feels feverish. Answer the following questions: • Which organ is likely to be involved. • Why does this swelling move during swallowing. • Mention the relations of this organ • Explain the blood supply of this organ and mention the precautions to be taken while ligating these vessels during surgery

1.Boundaries and contents of sub occipital triangle

1.Explain the surgical importance of thyroid gland

2.Microscopic structure of thyroid and parathyroid glands

1.(A): The inferior parathyroid is derived from a more rostral pharyngeal pouch than the superior parathyroid.

• (R): The third pharyngeal pouch contributes to the development of the thyroid gland
• a) Both A and R are true, and R is the reason for A
• b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the reason for A
• c) A is correct but R is incorrect
• d) A is incorrect but R is correct