Joints of Lower Limb

1.An 18-year-old boy was hit down by car while walking on the road and sustained injury to his right knee joint. He visited to orthopaedic clinic with complaints of pain, swelling and while walking his right knee is giving out (instability). On examination, soft tissue swelling and tenderness present around right knee joint. Lachman test was performed and shows abnormal forward & backward movement of right tibia. With your anatomical knowledge answer the following questions related to knee joint.  Describe the articular surfaces of knee joint.  Describe the ligaments of knee joint.  Name the structure(s) that maintain the anteroposterior stability of knee joint.  What is locking and unlocking of knee joint.  Nerves that supply knee joint

2.A football player fell down while playing football and injured his knee.Describe the knee joint under following headings:

• a) Bones articulating
• b) Capsule and intracapsular structures
• c) Movements and muscles causing teach of the movement
• d) Nerve supply

3.Describe the type and articular surfaces, ligaments, movements of Hip joint. Add a note on blood supply to head and neck of femur and its related clinical anatomy

4.There was a posterior dislocation of hip joint in a 30-year old man injuring his sciatic nerve. Answer the following regarding hip joint.

• a) Name the bones articulating
• b) Ligaments
• c) Movements & muscles causing them
• d) Nerve supply
• e) Applied aspects

5.An 80 years old lady had a fall and on examinations had pain and swelling in the left hip region with restriction of movements of hip joint. X-ray revealed fracture of neck of femur. Answer the following questions:  Mention the features of the articulating regions of the bones forming hip joint  Name the ligaments of the joint with its attachments  List the movements of the joint mentioning the muscles which produce them  Mention the blood supply of the joint  Mention the complications, possible to develop in the above patient

6.Describe the intracapsular structures of knee joint. Explain the clinical importance of any two of them

7.A 60-year-old lady was brought to the casuality following a history of fall at her residence. On clinical examination, the anatomical orientation of her right lower limb was disturbed. X-ray showed posterior dislocation of her right hip joint. With your anatomical knowledge answer the following questions.  Name the nerve which can be injured in this patient.  Give the root value of the nerve.  Name one clinical procedure that can cause injury to this nerve.  Describe the course of this nerve.  Name the branches of this nerve and the muscles supplied by those branches

8.A 35 years male patient was brought to the casualty with a swollen right knee and a history of a fall during mountain climbing. There was severe pain and restricted mobility at the joint. Answer the following based on your anatomical knowledge:  describe the attachments and relations of the ligaments of this joint  what are the movements at this joint and which muscles are involved

9.A 50 years old man came to the casualty with complaints of pain in the hip joint. Answer the following questions:  bones forming hip joint  ligaments  movements and muscles causing them  nerve supply  blood supply  applied aspects

10.A footballer is suffering from sustained injury to his right knee while kicking. His leg got forcefully abducted in a slightly flexed position. • Which is the likely meniscus has injured in this case. • Why this meniscus is more prone to injury as compared to the other one. • Enumerate the other intra capsular structures of the knee joint • Briefly describe the process of locking and unlocking at the knee joint

11.While driving a car, a 30 years old man was accidently hit against a tree. He was rushed to the hospital. His chief complaint was that, he could not stand up because of severe pain. Physical examination revealed, his lower limb was slightly flexed, adducted, medially rotated and appeared shorter than the other limb. X-rays were taken. Posterior dislocation of the right hip with fracture of the posterior margin of acetabulum was diagnosed. With your knowledge in anatomy, answer the following: • Mention the type and articular surfaces of hip joint. • Describe the ligaments • Describe the blood supply of the joint giving its clinical importance • Which nerve is prone to get injured in this case. What is its origin and root value. • Enumerate the movements of the hip joint and the muscles producing them

1.Describe the cruciate ligaments and menisci of knee joint and their clinical importance

2.Ankle joint – type, bones articulating, movements occurring in that joint and muscles causing the movements

3.Movements at knee joint

4.Hip joint – articular surfaces, capsule and ligaments, muscles involved in appropriate movements of the joint

5.External ligaments of knee joint

1.Describe the factors stabilizing the ankle joint

2.Lateral rotators of hip joint

3.Tibial collateral ligament

4.Medial collateral ligament of the knee joint

1.Transverse section through knee joint

2.Structures surrounding hip joint. Name the following

3.Two muscles having intracapsular origin

4.Ligamentum patella

1.A: Lateral meniscus of knee is seldom injured in football players R: Fibular collateral ligament is not attached to the lateral meniscus

• a) Both A and R are true, and R is the reason for A
• b) Both A and R are true, and R is not the reason for A
• c) A is correct but R is incorrect
• d) A is incorrect but R is correct