Tumour Markers & Spread

1.A 65 year old male complains of dyspepsia, nausea, weightloss and loss of appetite since 6 months. Clinical examination reveals a mass palpable in the epigastric region. Endoscopy shows a proliferative growth near the stomach near the lesser curvature

• a) What is the probable diagnosis.
• b) Describe the aetiopathogenesis of the lesion.
• c) Classify and describe the morphology of the disease.
• d) Enumerate the usual sites of metastasis of this lesion

2.Define metastasis. Describe the pathways of spread of tumors with examples. Explain mechanism of metastasis

1.Define Metastasis, Enumerate the routes of metastasis and explain the mechanisms

2.A 36 years old female presented with left breast lump for the last 9 months. On examination a firm lump measuring 5x4.3 cms, in the upper outer quadrant with peau d'orange skin and nipple retraction. Axillary lymph node enlarged noted.

• a) What is the most probable diagnosis.
• b) Discuss the routes of metastasis.
• c) Explain the metastatic cascade

3.Metastatic cascade

1.List FOUR tumor markers and their associated malignancies

2.Pathways of Metastasis and their mechanisms

3.Routes of metastasis with examples

4.Mechanism of cancer metastasis

1.List two tumor markers

2.Name ONE cancer that commonly spreads by hemotagenous route

3.Psammoma bodies are ………………

4.Name the IHC marker done in oral/oropharyngeal cancer

5.What is Ki 67

6.Pathways of cancer spread

1.(A) Psammoma bodies are seen in cases of papillary carcinoma thyroid (R) Dystrophic calcification of tumour necrosis produces Psammoma bodies

• a) Both A & R are correct and R is the reason for A
• b) Both A & R are correct but R is not reason for A
• c) A is correct R is incorrect
• d) A is incorrect R is correct